Correlation of Expression of Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 with Histopathological Grade in Cases of Carcinoma Breast

Introduction: Breast carcinoma is the most common canceramong women in both developing and developed countries.It needs alarming attention because it causes high morbidityand mortality. There is a need to understand the initiationand progression of breast cancer on hormonal, cellular andmolecular basis which forms the platform for designing oftargeted therapy. This study was intended to find correlationbetween the expression of Estrogen receptor, Progesteronereceptor and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2with histological grade in cases of carcinoma breast.Material and methods: This study was conducted in theDepartment of Pathology at Bhagat Phool Singh GovernmentMedical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat on 55histologically confirmed breast cancer cases.Results: The age of the patients ranged from 27 to 70 yearsand the mean age was 51.56 ± 11.39 years. Invasive ductalcarcinoma - no special type was the most common histologicaltype(92.72%). The most common histological grade observedwas grade II i.e. 61.82%. Lymph nodes involvement was seenin 55.32% of the cases. ER, PR and HER-2/neu positivitywas observed in 45.45%, 47.27% and 25.45% of the casesrespectively. ER and PR were found to correlate withhistological grade (p<0.05) while no correlation was observedbetween HER-2/neu and histological grade(p>0.05).Conclusion: Evaluation of ER, PR, and HER-2/neu statusshould be incorporated routinely as a part of histopathologyreports in all cases of breast carcinoma as they not onlyhelp in assessment of prognosis, but also help in decidingmanagement and improving overall survival.

Parotid Gland Lipoma: A Common Tumour at an Uncommon Location

Introduction: Lipoma is the most common benign tumour of mesenchymal origin. They are quiet uncommon in head and neck region, constituting approximately 13% of all lipomas. Parotid gland lipomas are extremely rare with incidence ranging from 0.6% to 4.4%. Case report: We are reporting a rare case of parotid gland lipoma in a 42 year male presented with a slow growing painless swelling on the right side of the neck without any signs and symptoms of facial nerve degeneration. Conclusion: These tumours are seldom diagnosed clinically but imaging methods and fine needle aspiration can help reaching a pre-operative diagnosis. Surgical removal is treatment of choice in symptomatic cases

Cutaneous angiomyolipoma.

Cutaneous angiomyolipomas are rare. We report a case in a 45-year-old male with a well circumscribed lesion located on the chin. This lesion, probably hamartomatous in nature, differs from renal angiomyolipoma in terms of nonassociation with tuberous sclerosis, circumscription, and male predominance. Another characteristic feature is the absence of epithelioid cells. Differential diagnosis includes angiolipoma, angioleiomyoma, hemangioma, and myolipoma. It is distinguished from the abovementioned entities by the presence of a combination of thick-walled blood vessels, smooth muscle, and fat.

C1 and C2 nerve sheath tumors: analysis of 32 cases.

BACKGROUND: C1 and C2 nerve sheath tumors are to be considered as a separate clinical entity because of their unique clinical presentation, relation to the adjacent structures and surgical approaches when compared to their counterparts in other regions. Aim: To present the clinical characteristics, radiological findings, operative approaches, and outcomes. Setting and Design: Of the 32 patients, the study was retrospective in 22 patients and in 10 it was prospective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients' case records were analyzed. Diagnosis was established by magnetic resonance imaging of craniovertebral junction. Patients were evaluated by Yasargil grading and operative procedure was done accordingly. RESULTS: In this series the tumors were multiple and had extradural extension and hourglass expansion. Surgical results were excellent in most patients when procedure was done early in the course of the disease. Best results in terms of complete removal and good neurological outcome were achieved with posterior or posterolaterlly located lesion. Of the 20 patients who had surgery by posterior approach, 19 (95%) patients had improvement postoperatively, while one (5%) patient remained unchanged. While of the 8 patients who had surgery by posterolateral approach, 6 (75%) had improvement postoperatively, one had no change and the other had neurological deterioration. CONCLUSION: C 1 and C 2 nerve sheath tumors are to be considered as a separate clinical entity. Operative results and recovery of patients are excellent when tumor is located posterior or posterolaterally and surgical procedure is done early in the disease course.

Esophageal cyst--a case report.

Mediastinal cysts are rare and classified into thymic cysts, bronchogenic cysts, enteric cysts, pericardial cysts, lymphatic cysts and other rare types. We describe a case of foregut cyst of esophageal type in a 22 day old male infant. The CT scan showed a cystic lesion. Excised cyst was bilocular and was filled with clear fluid. Microscopically, the cyst was lined by columnar epithelium with well formed lamina propria and double layered muscularis. In view of presence of double layer of muscularis and absence of gastric glands, intestinal epithelium or cartilage, it was classified as esophageal cyst. We report this case of esophageal cyst because of its rarity.

Myxoid liposarcoma of the breast--report of a rare case.

Breast sarcomas are very rare. A 40 year old lady presented with a well-defined hard lump, 6 cm in size, in the left breast. Patient underwent simple mastectomy with axillary clearance following a diagnosis of phylloides tumour on fine needle aspiration cytology. Grossly, it was a circumscribed myxoid tumour. Histopathologically, it fulfilled all the criteria for a diagnosis of myxoid liposarcoma. The absence of epithelial component excluded phylloides tumour.

Study of seasonal variations for radon pollution in the environment of Muktsar and Ferozepur districts of Punjab using LR-115 plastic track detectors.

Indoor Radon measures have been carried out in the dwellings of Muktsar and Ferozepur districts of punjab using LR-115 plastic track detectors. Indoor Radon values ranged from 95 to 226 bq m(-3) and 75 to 233 bq m(-3) for winter season and 61 to 129 bq m(-3) and 79 to 138 bq m(-3) for summer season for Muktsar and Ferozepur districts respectively. These values are within the safe limits recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP).

Uranium, radium and radon exhalation studies in geological samples belonging to some areas of punjab, using track etching technique.

With a view to prospect the uranium, radium and radon concentration and related health risk assessments in areas of Muktsar and Ferozepur districts in Punjab, the fission track registration technique has been used for the analysis of water and soil samples. Uranium content in water ranged from 5.47 to 10.19 microg/l(-1) and 6.28 to 11.74 microg/l(-1) for Muktsar and Ferozepur respectively. Uranium content in soil samples of Muktsar and Ferozepur ranged from 1.14 to 1.90 mg/kg(-1) and 1.26 to 2.44 mg/kg(-1) respectively. Radium concentration in these soil samples has been found to vary from 3.97 to 15.94 bq/kg(-1) and 7.24 to 24.14 bq/kg(-1) for Muktsar and Ferozepur respectively. The radon exhalation values were calculated in terms of area (E(A)) and mass (E(M)). The values of E(M) ranged from 4.9 to 20.6 (mbqkg(-1) hr(-1)) for Muktsar and 9.4 to 31.3 (mbqkg(-1)hr(-1)) for Ferozepur and values of E(A) ranged from 173 to 728 (mbqm(-2)hr(-1)) for Muktsar and 330 to 1102 (mbqm(-2)hr(-1)) for Ferozepur district. These values in general are low and not significant from health hazard point of view. The values of uranium concentration in water samples of these areas are lower than those reported for soil and water samples of Himachal Pradesh. These values are also lower than those reported by Singh et al. for the rocks belonging to uranium and copper mines of Bihar.

Diurnal and monthly variation of indoor radon and thoron progeny concentrations at a hillside place of northern India.

The natural radioactivity levels all over the world can create health problems due to the inhalation of radioactive aerosols. Radon and thoron progeny content of indoor air have major contribution to natural radiation dose. In the present study, simultaneous indoor measurements of radon and thoron progeny concentrations have been carried out over a period of four months at a low activity hilly area of northern Punjab, India to see their diurnal and monthly variations. The method used for this purpose is based on the defined solid angle absolute beta counting of radioactive aerosols sampled on a filter. The average values of equilibrium equivalent radon and thoron concentrations were 5.20 Bq m(-3) and 0.235 Bq m(-3), respectively, over the period August to November 2003. Both, EECRn and EECTh show a negative correlation with temperature.

Pulsatile ocular blood flow among normal subjects and patients with high tension glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To estimate pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF) among normal subjects and to compare various parameters in eyes of primary open angle glaucoma with high intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: POBF was estimated in 95 eyes of 95 normal subjects above the age of 40 years and in 35 eyes of 35 primary open angle glaucoma patients using the OBF system (OBF Labs Ltd., UK). Correlation of age, gender, IOP, pulse amplitude, pulse volume and pulse rate with POBF was studied. POBF values were measured in glaucomatous patients before IOP control and one month later after control of IOP to < 22 mmHg. RESULTS: The mean POBF among normal subjects was 1382.2 +/- 413 ml/min (range 636-2291 m/min). Females had a significantly higher mean POBF (1512 +/- 347 ml/min) than males (1193 +/- 312 ml/min). The mean IOP among normal subjects was 12.6 mmHg and in glaucoma patients, 29.1 mmHg. Mean POBF in glaucomatous eyes with initially elevated IOP was 718.9 +/- 322.6 ml/min, which improved after IOP control to 1129 +/- 291 ml/min. IOP had a strong (P < .01) negative correlation with POBF (r = -0.667) CONCLUSIONS: POBF among eyes of normal subjects in this study is higher than reported among Caucasian eyes. Primary open angle glaucoma eyes with high IOP have significantly reduced ocular blood flow. Therapy aimed at lowering IOP has a positive effect onocular haemodynamics.